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Unsettled Issues Concerning the Use of Green Ammonia Fuel in Ground Vehicles.

レコード種別:	コンピュータ・メディア : 単行資料
タイトル / 著者:	Unsettled Issues Concerning the Use of Green Ammonia Fuel in Ground Vehicles./
著者:	Kolodziejczyk, Bart.
記述:	1 online resource ;cm.
注記:	The authors of this document together with the SAE Team responsible for its creation join in expressing our deepest appreciation to all of the individuals who contributed.
主題:	Hydrogen fuel. -
電子資源:	點擊此處連結全文 ( Full Text )

Unsettled Issues Concerning the Use of Green Ammonia Fuel in Ground Vehicles.
Kolodziejczyk, Bart.

Unsettled Issues Concerning the Use of Green Ammonia Fuel in Ground Vehicles. - 1 online resource ;cm.

The authors of this document together with the SAE Team responsible for its creation join in expressing our deepest appreciation to all of the individuals who contributed.

Includes bibliographical references.

While hydrogen is emerging as an alternative clean automotive fuel and energy storage medium, there are still numerous challenges that must be addressed. Economy of hydrogen production and deployment is only one, and there are still many technology bottlenecks to be addressed before hydrogen is made a competitive and attractive fuel solution. Storage requires expensive materials, and hydrogens low energy density makes it challenging to store. Hydrogen compression or liquefaction processes are energy demanding and, to date, performed mainly on a small-scale. There are also several social, behavioral, and educational challenges that need to be addressed before hydrogen can be implemented on an industrial scale. This is why ammonia fuel might be an ultimate clean solution for transportation.Synthetic ammonia production has been practiced on an industrial scale for nearly a century. Ammonia is one of the most-traded commodities globally and the second most-produced synthetic chemical after sulfuric acid. Traditionally, ammonia has been used in the fertilizer industry to produce nitrogen-based synthetic fertilizers; but, as of late, it is heralded as a potential clean fuel of the future.Just like hydrogen, ammonia is just another energy carrier. It enables effective hydrogen storage in chemical form by binding hydrogen atoms to atmospheric nitrogen. The energy density of liquid ammonia is superior to energy densities of both compressed gaseous hydrogen and liquefied hydrogen, meaning that more energy can be stored per given volume. In addition, the boiling point of hydrogen is 252.87 �C, whereas ammonia boils at 33.34 �C.Being one of the most-produced and -traded synthetic chemicals globally, ammonia production, storage, handling, and transportation is generally well explored and widely applied, allowing for economies of scale and cost-competitiveness.The major unsettled issues of using ammonia as a clean automotive fuel alternative include a lack of regulation and standards for automotive applications, technology readiness, andpredominantlythe fact that traditional ammonia value chains rely on natural gas for both hydrogen feedstocks to generate the ammonia and the energy to facilitate hydrogen and nitrogen conversion into liquid ammonia. Decarbonization of the ammonia value chain is of great international interest. Significant efforts are made to enable and prove the concept of green ammonia generation.This SAE EDGE Research Report discusses the unsettled aspects of emerging ammonia fuel and its use in automotive applications. In this report, expert contributors share their knowledge and views on current and future prospects for application of ammonia in ground vehicles and provide an overview of technological and regulatory challenges for this new type of clean fuel. Finally, the report concludes with a series of recommendations aimed at enabling this new automotive industry branch. While ammonia as a fuel is still in its infancy, its unique properties render it as a potential and viable candidate for decarbonizing the automotive industry.NOTE: SAE EDGE Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of this report is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. These reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.Subjects--Topical Terms:

1000138187
Hydrogen fuel.

Unsettled Issues Concerning the Use of Green Ammonia Fuel in Ground Vehicles.
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520 3 $a While hydrogen is emerging as an alternative clean automotive fuel and energy storage medium, there are still numerous challenges that must be addressed. Economy of hydrogen production and deployment is only one, and there are still many technology bottlenecks to be addressed before hydrogen is made a competitive and attractive fuel solution. Storage requires expensive materials, and hydrogens low energy density makes it challenging to store. Hydrogen compression or liquefaction processes are energy demanding and, to date, performed mainly on a small-scale. There are also several social, behavioral, and educational challenges that need to be addressed before hydrogen can be implemented on an industrial scale. This is why ammonia fuel might be an ultimate clean solution for transportation.Synthetic ammonia production has been practiced on an industrial scale for nearly a century. Ammonia is one of the most-traded commodities globally and the second most-produced synthetic chemical after sulfuric acid. Traditionally, ammonia has been used in the fertilizer industry to produce nitrogen-based synthetic fertilizers; but, as of late, it is heralded as a potential clean fuel of the future.Just like hydrogen, ammonia is just another energy carrier. It enables effective hydrogen storage in chemical form by binding hydrogen atoms to atmospheric nitrogen. The energy density of liquid ammonia is superior to energy densities of both compressed gaseous hydrogen and liquefied hydrogen, meaning that more energy can be stored per given volume. In addition, the boiling point of hydrogen is 252.87 �C, whereas ammonia boils at 33.34 �C.Being one of the most-produced and -traded synthetic chemicals globally, ammonia production, storage, handling, and transportation is generally well explored and widely applied, allowing for economies of scale and cost-competitiveness.The major unsettled issues of using ammonia as a clean automotive fuel alternative include a lack of regulation and standards for automotive applications, technology readiness, andpredominantlythe fact that traditional ammonia value chains rely on natural gas for both hydrogen feedstocks to generate the ammonia and the energy to facilitate hydrogen and nitrogen conversion into liquid ammonia. Decarbonization of the ammonia value chain is of great international interest. Significant efforts are made to enable and prove the concept of green ammonia generation.This SAE EDGE Research Report discusses the unsettled aspects of emerging ammonia fuel and its use in automotive applications. In this report, expert contributors share their knowledge and views on current and future prospects for application of ammonia in ground vehicles and provide an overview of technological and regulatory challenges for this new type of clean fuel. Finally, the report concludes with a series of recommendations aimed at enabling this new automotive industry branch. While ammonia as a fuel is still in its infancy, its unique properties render it as a potential and viable candidate for decarbonizing the automotive industry.NOTE: SAE EDGE Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of this report is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. These reports are not intended to resolve the challenges they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny.
520 2 $a SAE EDGE Research Reports provide state-of-the-art and state-of-industry examinations of the most significant topics in mobility engineering. SAE EDGE contributors are experts from research, academia, and industry who have come together to explore and define the most critical advancements, challenges, and future direction in areas such as vehicle automation, unmanned aircraft, IoT and connectivity, cybersecurity, advanced propulsion, and advanced manufacturing.
542 $d SAE International $f � 2021 SAE International. All Rights Reserved.
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