人事管理

員工出勤管理法規及實務 by: (Language materials, printed)

組織中的人際關係 by: (Language materials, printed)

部屬培育５０準則 : 培育部屬妙方 by: (Language materials, printed)

貿易人員語言溝通技巧 by: (Language materials, printed)

新秀出招 : 新進人員的工作藝術 by: (Language materials, printed)

新時代的需求－縮減工時 by: (Language materials, printed)

業績．薪資．獎金 by: (Language materials, printed)

業績評價方法與獎勵策略 by: (Language materials, printed)

幕僚作業與管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

管理心理學 by: (Language materials, printed)

一分鐘領導 by: (Language materials, printed)

彈性上班時間之設計應用 by: (Language materials, printed)

管理盲點 by: (Language materials, printed)

其實你懂老闆的心 : 升遷路上快樂行 by: (Language materials, printed)

IBM的人事管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

部屬輔導與培育技巧 by: (Language materials, printed)

員工提案制度實務 by: (Language materials, printed)

人事考核 : 評價與培育人才活性化實務 by: (Language materials, printed)

人事勞務管理新論 : 有效促進組織人事管理的活性化 by: (Language materials, printed)

成功的工作準則 : 員工自我管理與培育手冊 by: (Language materials, printed)

企業人力發展實務 by: (Language materials, printed)

執行人員的管理技術 by: (Language materials, printed)

現代人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

人事管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

人事管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

管理制度百科全書 by: (Language materials, printed)

人事管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源會計與管理資訊之應用 by: (Language materials, printed)

如何績效考核 by: (Language materials, printed)

如何做好員工訓練 by: (Language materials, printed)

電腦化人事薪資系統 by: (Language materials, printed)

企業九週減肥 : 超越困境，再創企業生機 by: (Language materials, printed)

管人的藝術 by: (Language materials, printed)

人事考核辦法與實務 by: (Language materials, printed)

上班何須受委屈 by: (Language materials, printed)

1001種獎勵員工的方法 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理實務應用手冊 by: (Language materials, printed)

職務調查方法與活用法 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源的重分配與開發 by: (Language materials, printed)

策略性人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

人事管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

古今用人要訣 by: (Language materials, printed)

課長學 : 基層經理人的用人技巧 by: (Language materials, printed)

新人事管理 : 人才的培育與開發 by: (Language materials, printed)

老闆的禮物 : 員工情緒管理EQ執行手冊 by: (Language materials, printed)

決勝大未來 by: (Language materials, printed)

經理人的心情故事 : 優值經理人的人事管理手冊 by: (Language materials, printed)

企業智慧管理手冊 by: (Language materials, printed)

管理三部曲 by: (Language materials, printed)

領導方向盤 : 管理者最有力的輔助工具 by: (Language materials, printed)

成功的激勵藝術 by: (Language materials, printed)

傑出職員鍛鍊術 by: (Language materials, printed)

X世代的價值觀 by: (Language materials, printed)

上班好心情 : 工作情緒解套手冊 by: (Language materials, printed)

最低工資 : 理論與實際 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

這種幹部請你辭職 by: (Language materials, printed)

激勵與溝通 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

幕後管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

間接人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

薪資策略管理大全 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源與二十一世紀 by: (Language materials, printed)

人群關係與管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

你是解毒專家 : 破解九種職場玩家病毒 by: (Language materials, printed)

檔案化紀律管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 : 理論與實務 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

工作危機獵殺手冊 : 一二五個解決問題的方法 by: (Language materials, printed)

顛覆傳統的智慧用人術 by: (Language materials, printed)

企業再造 : 新世紀觀教育訓練實務 by: (Language materials, printed)

道 : 使你出類拔萃的方法 by: (Language materials, printed)

聰明企業經理人 : 拒絕犯錯的101管理法則 by: (Language materials, printed)

專業人事人員電腦實力評核 by: (Language materials, printed)

辦公室政治學 by: (Language materials, printed)

如何處理各種員工問題 by: (Language materials, printed)

培訓人才的52個方法 by: (Language materials, printed)

如何管理女職員 by: (Language materials, printed)

推動企業的人脈 : 新時代人才培育戰略 by: (Language materials, printed)

大陸台商人事管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

成功的領導管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

育才通贏鐵則 by: (Language materials, printed)

旅館人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

人事人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

魚網式組織 by: (Language materials, printed)

中國人的用人術 by: (Language materials, printed)

智慧領導 by: (Language materials, printed)

換個最live的工作方式 by: (Language materials, printed)

人事管理手冊 : 人事管理人員實務基礎讀本 by: (Language materials, printed)

員工教育制度設計與運用 : 促進人才開發與戰力化的培育方法 by: (Language materials, printed)

企業員工教育訓練技術 : 員工教育訓練課程的製作及進行方法 by: (Language materials, printed)

在職訓練成功秘訣 : 主管人員在OJT中的角色和推行重點 by: (Language materials, printed)

士氣激勵與領導統御 by: (Language materials, printed)

親愛的老闆 : 給上司的109封信 by: (Language materials, printed)

老闆，你會付我多少錢？ by: (Language materials, printed)

智慧管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

因材適所 : 人盡其才的點子庫 by: (Language materials, printed)

分享式人力資源管理 : 理念、程序與實務 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理的十二堂課 by: (Language materials, printed)

嘿！想被挖角嗎？ : 透視人力資源顧問公司的獵才方法 by: (Language materials, printed)

如何管理你的部屬 by: (Language materials, printed)

老闆真討厭！ by: (Language materials, printed)

發現好員工 : 正確評估員工績效 by: (Language materials, printed)

訓斥.稱讚.教導 : 培育人才的100鐵則 by: (Language materials, printed)

人事管理與勞基法實務 by: (Language materials, printed)

Boss誰來當？ : 上班族新職場所有權主張 by: (Language materials, printed)

激勵勝經 : 1001種激勵公司、團隊、個人的技巧 by: (Language materials, printed)

創意管理 : 博雅公關創辦人馬斯泰勒的創意管理哲學 by: (Language materials, printed)

別讓貓使壞 : 辦公室惡人對治大法; 向態度惡劣的人說bye bye by: (Language materials, printed)

激勵百分百 : 100個管理心箴; 激勵100招 PartⅡ by: (Language materials, printed)

首先，打破成規 : 八萬名傑出經理人的共通特質 by: (Language materials, printed)

用人22天規 = Human & resource : 用人高手智慧藝術 by: (Language materials, printed)

管人22天規 : 管人高手的誡律 by: (Language materials, printed)

勇渡失業潮 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力訓練與發展 by: (Language materials, printed)

總裁一番Talk : 世事.世態與事業 by: (Language materials, printed)

大陸台商人事管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

知人善任的管理智慧 by: (Language materials, printed)

策略性人力資源管理 = Strategic human resource management by: (Language materials, printed)

績效!績效! : 強化員工競爭力的教導對談篇. PartⅡ by: (Language materials, printed)

績效!績效! : 提昇員工續效的16個管理秘訣 by: (Language materials, printed)

職能招募與選才 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源最佳實務 by: (Language materials, printed)

謀略 : 諸葛亮的鬼點子 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 : 新世紀觀點 by: (Language materials, printed)

激勵秘笈100招 by: (Language materials, printed)

策略人力資源管理 : 總經理必讀 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

發現我的天才 : 打開34個天賦的禮物 by: (Language materials, printed)

企業人事管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理與職涯發展 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

尋找及保存最佳人力 by: (Language materials, printed)

裁員風暴 : 企業與員工的保命聖經 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 : 理論 策略 方法 例證 by: (Language materials, printed)

現代人力資源管理. 第八版 by: (Language materials, printed)

台灣企業人力資源管理個案集 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 : 領導與管理學觀點 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

總經理手冊 = General manager handbook by: (Language materials, printed)

用人兵法 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力統御 by: (Language materials, printed)

從心激勵 by: (Language materials, printed)

企業化培訓開發 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理的未來 by: (Language materials, printed)

績效躍進 : 才能評鑑法的極致運用 by: (Language materials, printed)

才能評鑑法 : 建立卓越績效的模式 by: (Language materials, printed)

革新人力資本策略 : 企業獲利關鍵 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 : 理論與實務 by: (Language materials, printed)

企業雞湯 : 52個派對式經營處方 by: (Language materials, printed)

釣到好人才, 緊緊網住他 by: (Language materials, printed)

管人一本通 : 輕鬆解決主管最常見的7大困擾 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源 : 組織.管理.發展 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源發展 : 企業教育訓練完全手冊 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源發展 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 : 人力資源管理經濟分析. II by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

問題員工背後的解答 by: (Language materials, printed)

店長操作手冊 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

如何避免聰明組織幹蠢事 : 以人為尊的獲利途徑 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理理論分析與實務應用 by: (Language materials, printed)

旅館人力資源管理 = Hotel human resource management by: (Language materials, printed)

餐旅人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 = Human resource management : theory and application : 理論與應用 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 : 全球經驗.本土實踐 by: (Language materials, printed)

流通業人力資源管理與實務 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力派遣大革命 = The revolution of dispatch : 面對新時代洪流, 您要如何自處? by: (Language materials, printed)

管理人的箴言 : 組織行為大師羅賓斯63則職場管理智慧 by: (Language materials, printed)

24個胡蘿蔔管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

管人36計 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 : 理論與實務 by: (Language materials, printed)

主管信條 : 管得住自己的人, 才能管別人 by: (Language materials, printed)

信任遊戲 : 12種信任測驗, 教你搞定部屬與客戶 by: (Language materials, printed)

如何獎勵你的員工 by: (Language materials, printed)

你對部屬有多重要? : 人力資源管理, 始終來自人性 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理新論 by: (Language materials, printed)

乾隆用人方略 : 乾隆大帝用人強項在於「依」 by: (Language materials, printed)

雍正用人方略 : 雍正大帝用人強項在於「俯」 by: (Language materials, printed)

康熙用人方略 : 康熙大帝用人強項在於「順」 by: (Language materials, printed)

員工不是管出來的 : 一部改變員工管理, 觀念的啟發書 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理十大誤區(簡體字) = Ten misunderstandings in human resource management by: (Language materials, printed)

人員管理的經濟方法(簡體字) = Economics approach to personnel by: (Language materials, printed)

老闆欣賞你 : 風靡全球的老闆與員工相處的101條遊戲規則 by: (Language materials, printed)

建立公司的達摩院 = Build up the bodhidharma of the company : 主管學習考核和培訓的第一本書 by: (Language materials, printed)

黑色領導 : 從影集<<黑道家族>>談傑出領導的秘密 by: (Language materials, printed)

總體績效計分卡 : 個人組織平衡計分卡、品質與職能管理的結合與擴張 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資本參與企業收益分配研究(簡體字) by: (Language materials, printed)

企業人力資源作業手冊 by: (Language materials, printed)

這樣的員工最出色 : 比爾蓋茲談優秀員工的10大特徵 by: (Language materials, printed)

顧客忠誠經營 : 超越CS的服務行銷管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

主管必修的17堂激勵課 by: (Language materials, printed)

實踐ERM : 再創業績的顛峰 by: (Language materials, printed)

胡蘿蔔管理策略 : 企業如何吸引並留住人才 by: (Language materials, printed)

從人才到人財 : 人力資源管理實戰手冊 by: (Language materials, printed)

牧者的管理智慧 = The way of the shepherd : 有效管理的七項要訣; 7 ancient secrets to managing productive people by: (Language materials, printed)

當代人力資源管理 = Human resource management by: (Language materials, printed)

最偉大的商戰教父曹操 by: (Language materials, printed)

管理的戒律 = The commandment of managing business by: (Language materials, printed)

激勵員工, 決定成功 = Managerial motivation. 技能篇 by: (Language materials, printed)

MBA教程之人力資源管理 = The course on strategic management of MBA : 從職能培訓到創造績效 by: (Language materials, printed)

Motivation主管通<激勵>篇 by: (Language materials, printed)

一切從簡 = All start from the simple : 世界知名名企業高效工作法則 by: (Language materials, printed)

建構智慧型組織 : 有效整合績效管理.能力管理和知識管理的組織模式 by: (Language materials, printed)

用人七絕 : 管理者必備的七種能力 by: (Language materials, printed)

管人用人厚黑謀略 = Take off people's mask : 利用人性弱點讓別人為你效命 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 = Human resource management by: (Language materials, printed)

旅館暨餐飲業人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

創造優秀團隊的12堂課 = The 12 law how to make a top team by: (Language materials, printed)

員工績效成功激勵手冊 = How to motivate every employee by: (Language materials, printed)

經理人有效激勵技巧立即上手 by: (Language materials, printed)

潛資源 = Latent resource : 管理者用人的14種手段; 潛資源是管理者精心挖掘人才的寶庫 by: (Language materials, printed)

激勵員工, 決定成功 = Managerial motivation. 理論篇 by: (Language materials, printed)

拇指管理 = Thymb : 管理從豎起拇指開始 by: (Language materials, printed)

說到不如做到 = Say it is not as good as do it by: (Language materials, printed)

主管大變身 : 52個激勵員工、提高生產力的實戰技巧 by: (Language materials, printed)

諸葛亮遺書 : 世上最智慧的個人管理學 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 = Human resource management : theory and practice : 理論與實務 by: (Language materials, printed)

醫療人力資源管理 = Human resource management in healthcare organizations by: (Language materials, printed)

知人善任,結果大不同 = Right people, right result : 觀察一下 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

企業人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

中國謀略 : 統御術 by: (Language materials, printed)

30個讓人為你甘心賣命的用人關鍵 = The 30 key points of employing people : 企業主管成功領導的商戰策略 by: (Language materials, printed)

用人的智慧 by: (Language materials, printed)

伯樂與千里馬 = Masters and experts : 如何成功地求職、徵才與留人 by: (Language materials, printed)

其實, 曹操是個管理天才 by: (Language materials, printed)

向領導大師學激勵 : 12位當代名人親授激勵技巧的9大課題 by: (Language materials, printed)

職場進化論 = Office animals : 在老闆心中你是豬, 狗還是牛? by: (Language materials, printed)

ERM員工關係大躍進 by: (Language materials, printed)

國際人力資源管理 = International human resource management by: (Language materials, printed)

PHR人資基礎工程 = Performing human resources : 創新與變革時代的職位說明書與職位評價 by: (Language materials, printed)

裁員潮世代求生術 : 第一本上班族自保聖經 by: (Language materials, printed)

牧者的七堂課 : 牧者的七堂課改變了他們的一生 by: (Language materials, printed)

元氣の目標管理 : 達成最高績效目標讓公司有元氣的成功守則 by: (Language materials, printed)

CFP認證系列課程. III. 員工福利與退休金規劃 by: (Language materials, printed)

取才有道. 識才篇 by: (Language materials, printed)

教育訓練與人力發展 = Educational training and human resources development : 學術著作; academic writing by: (Language materials, printed)

遊刃有餘的管人技巧 by: (Language materials, printed)

易經與用人藝術 = Book of changes and need hands : 剛柔相濟的用人之道 by: (Language materials, printed)

營造人才濟濟的用人學問 : 讓你完成"不可能的任務" by: (Language materials, printed)

企業人事管理成功手札 by: (Language materials, printed)

威力無窮的用人藝術 by: (Language materials, printed)

突破用人的框架 by: (Language materials, printed)

不知不可 = Something you need to know : 學習用人的第一本書 by: (Language materials, printed)

識人與用人 : 也就是挑戰、機會,還有自我價值 by: (Language materials, printed)

員工激勵與績效管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

世界上最偉大的管理原則 = The world's greatest principles of management : 讓人們去做受獎勵的事!讓員工自己跑起來! by: (Language materials, printed)

當個職場好教練 : 培育部屬的35個指導原則 by: (Language materials, printed)

員工激勵制度完全實務手冊 = Employee motivation program handbook by: (Language materials, printed)

賣魚賣到全世界都知道 by: (Language materials, printed)

「用人在精.識人在明」 : 管理人實用充電手冊 by: (Language materials, printed)

從管理到領導 = From manager to be a chief by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源發展 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

管理不求人 : 領導致勝秘訣 by: (Language materials, printed)

問題員工完治寶典 : 333招搞定80種辦公室麻煩人物 by: (Language materials, printed)

與公司一起成長 = Grows up together with the company : 無往不利的工作策略 超越平庸的成功法則 by: (Language materials, printed)

綁住我的大鯨魚!! = Whale dance by: (Language materials, printed)

薪資管理的八堂課 by: (Language materials, printed)

蘿蔔與棍子 : 管理學院沒教你的厚黑謀略 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源策略與管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

誰是接班人? = Succession plan : 最佳接班人的培育計畫 by: (Language materials, printed)

曾國藩七大管理方略 by: (Language materials, printed)

績效管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

完美的簡歷 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 = Human resource management by: (Language materials, printed)

訓練與發展 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 = Human resource management : 以合作觀點創造價值; creating values through cooperation by: (Language materials, printed)

把蠢才變人才 : CEO必須知道的「理才」戰略 by: (Language materials, printed)

授權技巧 by: (Language materials, printed)

大陸台商人事管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源輕鬆上手 = Human resource easy to use : 非人力資源經理的人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

B級人才A級用 : 提升人才效能的7大策略 by: (Language materials, printed)

人才甄選與面談技巧 = Human resource selection and interview : 企業選才.識才必備指南 by: (Language materials, printed)

天下無牆 = Wall less world by: (Language materials, printed)

人事管理與制度手冊 by: (Language materials, printed)

國際人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 : 跨時代的角色與挑戰 by: (Language materials, printed)

臺灣地區培訓與晉用博物館專業人員之回顧與展望 = The training & employment of museum professional in Taiwan : retrospect & prospect by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

策略人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

MBA必讀人力資源管理 : 企業競爭是人的競爭 by: (Language materials, printed)

用人,大有不同 by: (Language materials, printed)

核心員工 by: (Language materials, printed)

專業的甄選面談術 = How to be a professional interviewer? : 企業人資管理核心策略 by: (Language materials, printed)

老闆最容易犯的人資管理錯誤決策 : 勞資互動權益必備參考書 by: (Language materials, printed)

求才不求人 : 獵取頂尖人才 by: (Language materials, printed)

求才不求人 : 激發員工潛能 by: (Language materials, printed)

激勵創造效益 = Encouragement will bring benefit : 化員工的知識為企業力量; make employees' knowledge become businesses' power by: (Language materials, printed)

遠見就是致勝的關鍵 : 成功企業的人力資源管理戰略 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理的12堂課 by: (Language materials, printed)

員工招聘技巧 by: (Language materials, printed)

就吃你這一套 = Know how : 用人的最高境界; administration by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 : 全球思維 本土觀點 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

點石成金的常勝教育 : 達成目標的人才培育法 by: (Language materials, printed)

個人平衡計分卡 : 提升幸福感、快樂指數及工作滿意度的行動藍圖 by: (Language materials, printed)

方法總比困難多 = Do you have any question by: (Language materials, printed)

讓員工乖乖聽話 = Catch the employee's heart : 每個老闆都得知道的管理法則 by: (Language materials, printed)

管理與用人 : 中小企業管理實務 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

辦公室女王 : 別做顧人怨的女主管 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 = Human resource management by: (Language materials, printed)

高科技產業人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 = Human resource management : 增強組織的生產力與競爭優勢 by: (Language materials, printed)

現代人力資源管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 = Human resource management : 理論與實務 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 = Human resource management : 本土觀點與實踐; local perspectives and practices by: (Language materials, printed)

國際化管理 : 人力資源觀點 by: (Language materials, printed)

管理員工公正比公平更重要 by: (Language materials, printed)

做個輕鬆面試官 = How to be a smart interviewer : 優秀員工招聘技巧&測試題庫 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 = Human resource management : 理論與應用; theory and application by: (Language materials, printed)

一定要懂的分紅制度 = Must understand the bonus structure by: (Language materials, printed)

好上司的絕妙安排 by: (Language materials, printed)

不使壞,照樣升遷 by: (Language materials, printed)

你的管理錯在哪裡? = What went wrong with your management. 2. 如何讓你的員工適才適任 by: (Language materials, printed)

組織和心理契約 by: (Language materials, printed)

3年不辭職 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源幫幫忙 : Excel超實用範例即戰技 by: (Language materials, printed)

超級店長學 by: (Language materials, printed)

不懂帶人, 你就自己做到死! : 行為科學教你把身邊的腦殘變幹才 by: (Language materials, printed)

我的第一本職場心理學 : 笨蛋主管和聰明員工的距離只有0.01mm by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理的36個關鍵指標 : 運用關鍵績效指標, 提昇企業人力資源競爭優勢 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 : 全球思維 本土觀點 by: (Language materials, printed)

人才資本 = Human Capital by: (Language materials, printed)

老闆不"狠"公司不"穩" by: (Electronic resources)

管不動部屬,你就做到累死 by: (Electronic resources)

簡單管理 by: (Electronic resources)

我喜歡在這樣的公司上班 by: (Electronic resources)

人力資源部流程規範化管理 by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 = Human resource management by: (Language materials, printed)

人力資源管理 by: (Electronic resources)

企業人力資源管理 by: (Electronic resources)

解僱與被解僱 : 員工與企業如何保護自身權益 by: (Language materials, printed)